Systems and Methods for Providing Surge Relief

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure pertains to a system configured to protect flows in piping systems using minimal spare components. Some embodiments may provide: a first piping subsystem configured to receive a portion of the input flow; a second piping subsystem configured to receive the portion of the input flow by substituting for the first subsystem; a test subsystem configured to detect whether each of the first and second subsystems is able to vent when at least one, in the each subsystem, of a respective pressure and a respective pressure rate satisfies first and second criteria, respectively; and first and second pilots configured to detect a maximum pressure and a maximum pressure rate, respectively, of the portion of the first and second subsystems.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/580,582, filed Sep. 24, 2019 (which will issue as U.S. Pat. No.11,143,322 on Oct. 12, 2021), which claims the benefit of the prioritydates of U.S. provisional application 62/843,807 filed on May 6, 2019and of U.S. provisional application 62/845,502 filed on May 9, 2019, thecontents of which are incorporated by reference herein in theirentirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to systems and methods forpreventing pipeline ruptures due to over-pressurization in at least apair of piped runs by using an additional, spare run.

BACKGROUND

Guards against system damage associated with fluid processing, transfer,and storage, such as pressure surges (e.g., water hammer or otherscenarios comprising pressurized fluids), are known. For example, ratesof change that are too great or too little in an enclosed flow of afluid may dangerously affect pressure. Surge of pressure can begenerated by any system component. Known surge-relief systems implementvalves to relieve, dissipate, or otherwise attenuate excessive pressuretransients to a storage vessel, fluid of which being potentiallyreturned to the product line. Known systems also may comprise costlyspare subsystems that run parallel to each of the piping runs, thusinefficiently requiring much spare equipment.

SUMMARY

Systems and methods are disclosed for protecting piped flows via surgerelief. More particularly, disclosed skids reduce complexity of pipingsubsystems by reducing an amount of spare parts and subsystems.Accordingly, one or more aspects of the present disclosure relate to amethod for protecting a piping system with minimal redundancy. Themethod may be implemented by a first piping subsystem, at least a secondpiping subsystem, a test subsystem, a set of pilots, and/or othercomponents.

Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a system configuredto perform this method. This system may comprise first and second pipingsubsystems respectively configured to receive a portion of the inputflow. In some embodiments, each of the piping subsystems may comprisefirst and second pilots. The first and second pilots may be configuredto detect a maximum pressure and a maximum pressure rate, respectively,of the respective portion. And the test subsystem may be configured todetect whether each of the first and second subsystems is able to ventwhen at least one, in the each subsystem, of a pressure and a pressurerate satisfies first and second criteria, respectively.

Yet another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a systemcomprising first, second, and third piping subsystems respectivelyconfigured to receive a first portion of the input flow, a secondportion of the input flow, and either the first or second portion, thethird piping subsystem accomplishing the latter by respectivelysubstituting for either the first or second subsystem. In someembodiments, each of the piping subsystems may comprise first and secondpilots. The first and second pilots may be configured to detect amaximum pressure and a maximum pressure rate, respectively, of therespective portion. And the test subsystem may be configured to detectwhether each of the first, second, and third subsystems is able to ventwhen at least one, in the each subsystem, of a respective pressure and arespective pressure rate satisfies first and second criteria,respectively. Implementations of any of the described techniques mayinclude a method or process, an apparatus, a device, a machine, or asystem.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The details of particular implementations are set forth in theaccompanying drawings and description below. Like reference numerals mayrefer to like elements throughout the specification. Other features willbe apparent from the following description, including the drawings andclaims. The drawings, though, are for the purposes of illustration anddescription only and are not intended as a definition of the limits ofthe disclosure. These drawings may not be drawn to scale and may notprecisely reflect structure or performance characteristics of any givenembodiment.

FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a testable surge-relief systemcomprising a regular subsystem and a spare subsystem, in accordance withone or more embodiments.

FIG. 1B illustrates an example of a testable surge-relief systemcomprising at least two regular subsystems and a spare subsystem, inaccordance with one or more embodiments.

FIG. 2 depicts an isometric rendering of a piping and instrumentationdiagram, in accordance with one or more embodiments.

FIG. 3A illustrates a process for protecting a piping system comprisinga regular subsystem and a spare subsystem and for testing the protectiveaspects of the piping system, in accordance with one or moreembodiments.

FIG. 3B illustrates a process for protecting a piping system comprisingat least two regular subsystems and a spare subsystem and for testingthe protective aspects of the piping system, in accordance with one ormore embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As used throughout this application, the word “may” is used in apermissive sense (i.e., meaning having the potential to), rather thanthe mandatory sense (i.e., meaning must). The words “include”,“including”, and “includes” and the like mean including, but not limitedto. As used herein, the singular form of “a”, “an”, and “the” includeplural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Asemployed herein, the term “number” shall mean one or an integer greaterthan one (i.e., a plurality).

As used herein, the statement that two or more parts or components are“coupled” shall mean that the parts are joined or operate togethereither directly or indirectly, i.e., through one or more intermediateparts or components, so long as a link occurs. As used herein, “directlycoupled” means that two elements are directly in contact with eachother. Directional phrases used herein, such as, for example and withoutlimitation, top, bottom, left, right, upper, lower, front, back, andderivatives thereof, relate to the orientation of the elements shown inthe drawings and are not limiting upon the claims unless expresslyrecited therein.

Disclosed techniques improve at least upon the teachings of U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,396,923 and 7,284,563, which are incorporated herein by referencein their entireties. The improvements cause reduction in area/footprint,manufacturing costs, installation costs, and/or maintenance costs, andthey relate to a spare pipeline having a dual-piloted, surge-reliefvalve, the spare serving as backup for a pair of parallel pipelines thateach provide surge relief based on a rate of pressure rise and maximumpressure. This improvement is partly due to using a common header forreducing a number of spare runs.

As rendered exemplarily in the piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID)of FIG. 2, a skid may perform rise and/or rate-of-rise protection. Forexample, a design may require different valve sizes and configurationsaccording to the required flow capacity. Skid 5 may be a surge reliefsystem that senses, tracks, and responds to pressure changes in the flowsystem that it is installed in. The purpose of its equipment may be toprevent damage to the flow system and/or damage by the flow system to asurrounding area. Some embodiments may limit a fluid velocity or deltachange in pressure in the pipeline from exceeding a preset limit (e.g.,having a time rate of rise of around 10 pounds per square inch (PSI) persecond). Some embodiments may limit transient pressure changes in thepipeline by relieving valves before exceeding a preset limit (e.g.,pressure levels of around 200 to 250 PSI). That is, system 5 may limitthe maximum pressure and maximum pressure rates in the flow system.

Disclosed in FIG. 1A is two independent, dual-pilot-operatedsurge-relief valves, which may be placed in parallel pipe runs that tieinto common inlet and/or outlet headers mounted on a single skid base.As shown in FIG. 1A, the present disclosure contemplates having sparerun 32 substitute for regular run 30. For example, at any one time, onlyone of protective subsystems 30 and 32 may be actively monitoring systempressures while the other of these subsystems may be offline anddesignated as a spare. The one subsystem may be used in the event thatthere is maintenance being performed on the other subsystem or if thereis some type of equipment failure.

Disclosed in FIGS. 1B-2 are three independent, dual-pilot-operatedsurge-relief valves, which may be placed in parallel pipe runs that tieinto common inlet and/or outlet headers mounted on a single skid base.As shown in FIGS. 1B-2, the present disclosure contemplates having sparerun 32 substitute for any one of any number of regular runs (e.g., 30,31, and/or one or more others). For example, at any one time, only twoof protective subsystems 30-32 may be actively monitoring systempressures while a third, middle run may be offline and designated as aspare. The third subsystem may be used in the event that there ismaintenance being performed on one of the active runs or if there issome type of equipment failure.

In relation to each pilot 10 and each pilot 20, some disclosedimplementations may perform pressure-level detection (e.g., when acriterion is satisfied) and rate-of-rise detection (e.g., when anothercriterion is satisfied), respectively. Similarly, in relation to eachvalve 85, some disclosed implementations may perform pressure-levelprotection and/or rate-of-rise protection by venting fluid. Each surgerelief valve 85 comprised in each of these subsystems may be isolated byblock valves 80 located both upstream and downstream of each valve 85 toprovide isolation for maintenance, as shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 2. Anactive run may operate independently and sense (e.g., pressure of) adifferent piping subsystem.

System 5 may comprise pressure-sensing pilots (e.g., 10, 20),regulators, and control circuits that monitor pressure and determine ifa pressure rise or surge event is occurring. Test circuit 70 may also beprovided to simulate pressure rise and ensure that the system isfunctioning correctly. This test circuit may simulate high pressure riseand/or high pressure conditions and trigger the opening of surge reliefvalve 85 being tested. This test circuit may be off-line during normaloperation and provided to allow the user to verify system operation.Nitrogen 71 may be used to actuate test circuit 70, but it is notrequired for normal operation.

During normal operation, if a high rate of pressure rise is sensed bysystem 5, the appropriate surge-relief valve may quickly open allowingthe high pressure to be relieved with fluid exiting from the outletheader to be contained, e.g., as required. This may work to prevent highpressure gain or surge limiting the effects of the high pressureupstream of the surge relief valve. Once the pressure drops toacceptable levels, the surge relief valves may automatically close withnormal operation returning to system 5.

Presently disclosed are embodiments of system 5 that may support againstoverpressure, common causes of overpressure in upstream operations beingblockage of discharge, gas blowby, and fire. Some embodiments of system5 may protect against water hammer, the fluid inlet at piping 50 beingwater. But these examples are not intended to be limiting, as disclosedembodiments may apply with other transient scenarios and with otherfluids and gasses (e.g., a fuel), such as organic oil, mineral oil, agas, or another fluid.

Each of FIGS. 1A-1B illustrates system 5 configured to substitute one ormore particularly functioning piping subsystems with one other similarlyfunctioning piping subsystem. System 5 may comprise a plurality ofpiping subsystems (e.g., 30, 31, 32, and/or one or more other pipingsubsystems) and a test subsystem configured to test at least one of theplurality of piping subsystems. For example, piping subsystems 30-32,upstream piping 50, and/or downstream piping 60 may each comprise one ormore segments of a conduit, pipe, or another form of a channel.

In some embodiments, piping subsystem 32 may be a spare, e.g., for oneor more of piping subsystem 30, piping subsystem 31, and one or moreother piping subsystems. For example, when brining either subsystem 30or 31 into maintenance, subsystem 32 may be piped into operation viavalves 80. In this example, subsystem 30 or 31 (and subsystem 32) may beable to operate normally, when the other of subsystems 30 and 31 isisolated for the maintenance. System 5 may also support the oppositescenario, i.e., where subsystem 32 is brought into maintenance by usingsubsystems 30-31 normally.

In some implementations, piping subsystems 30-32 may be installed on oneor more skids or pallets, each of which may comprise a steel frameand/or structural members of another suitable material. For example, theskids may come together and support various different components ofsystem 5.

In some embodiments, piping subsystem 32 may have a same diameter as awidest piping subsystem, for which subsystem 32 is to substitute (e.g.,piping subsystem 30 or another piping subsystem of system 5). Forexample, block valves 80B and 80E associated with piping subsystem 32may be of a same size as block valves 80A and 80D associated with pipingsubsystem 30 or as block valves 80C and 80F associated with pipingsubsystem 31. In some embodiments, piping subsystem 32 is configured tocover any variation in set pressure or set pressure rate, e.g., betweena run it is being requested to substitute and another run it previouslysubstituted. In some embodiments, protection is provided by asurge-relief device configured to one or more fixed or predetermined setpoints. In other embodiments, one or more of the levels or pointsassociated with protective measures may be adjustable in the field.

In some embodiments, one or more characteristics of piping subsystem 30is different from one or more characteristics of piping subsystem 31;and the one or more characteristics of piping subsystem 30 may be thesame as one or more characteristics of piping subsystem 32. In someembodiments, one or more characteristics of piping subsystem 32 isdifferent from the one or more characteristics of piping subsystem 30.That is, any set or combination of features, characteristics,configuration, and/or topologies of components is contemplated by thepresent disclosure, provided that, from among such piping, there is anadditional piping subsystem that can substitute for or otherwise replaceexistence of spare piping and components, e.g., with similarfunctionality but significantly less structural aspects or parts than ifthe substitution or replacement were otherwise attempted to provide asame level of piping performance or protection. In some embodiments,system 5 may comprise more than one additional piping subsystem (e.g.,when there are more runs than the two regular runs 30 and 31) to performsubstitutions or replacements.

Some embodiments may be comprised entirely of mechanical equipment(e.g., without electrical power and without Internet access),effectively securing against any electromagnetic or electrical influenceby a hacker or cyber disruptor.

In some embodiments, pilots 10, pilots 20, and valves 85 may beinterconnected or otherwise coupled, directly and/or indirectly, topiping subsystems 30-32. In some embodiments, piping subsystems 30-32may interconnected or coupled, directly and/or indirectly, to piping 50and 60. In some embodiments, a fluid may ingress upstream piping 50 ateither or both sides of each of block valves 80A-80C. In someembodiments, a fluid may egress downstream piping 60 at either or bothsides of each of block valves 80D-80F.

In some embodiments, any number of valves may be inserted at anylocation along inlet piping 50 and outlet piping 60, e.g., to facilitateor process a flow of fluid. Some embodiments of system 5 may compriseone or more additional components than depicted in FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 2.For example, there may be another block valve 80 that is in piping 50between valves 80B and 80C. In this or another example, there may be ablock valve 80 that is in piping 50 between valves 80A and 80B. In someembodiments, one or more of these additional block valves 80 may not beadditional but rather they may replace a valve (e.g., block valve 80B,in embodiments where piping subsystem 32 is the spare run). Theseadditional block valves 80 may be configured to a size that is of a samediameter of a maximum diameter between piping subsystems 30-32 orconfigured to a size that is of greater diameter.

In some embodiments, valves 80 (e.g., 80A, 80B, 80C, 80D, 80E, 80F,and/or one or more other valves) and valves 85 (e.g., 85A, 85B, 85C,and/or one or more other valves) may each be sized to a respectivediameter of a pipe to which the each valve is coupled. These sizes mayvary and depend on particular application demands. For example, thesediameters may be between 2 and 16 inches and of a class between 150 #ASME and 900 # ASME. In this example or other examples, block valves 80Aand 80D associated with piping subsystem 30 may be of a different sizefrom block valves 80C and 80F associated with piping subsystem 31. Someembodiments of piping subsystems 30-32, piping 50, and/or piping 60 maysupport any flow capacity. In some embodiments, valves 80 are isolationvalves.

The embodiments depicted in FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 2 are not intended to belimiting, as any suitable configuration of components may be used,including different types of valves (e.g., ball, hand, relief, surgerelief, flow control, block, bleed, gate, etc.), accumulators (e.g.,spring biased or biased via another means), pipes, flow elements, flowfilters, headers, manifold blocks, pressure controllers, pressureindicators, pressure differential indicators, metering system, flowalarms, strainers, flow switches, orifice flanges, orifice plates, valvemanifolds, pressure gauges, inlet termination points, outlet terminationpoints, transfer barriers, reservoirs, and pilots.

In some embodiments, valve 85s may each perform a function (e.g., bycoming in between pipe segments and processing a fluid therethrough).For example, this valve may be a (e.g., Danflo) surge-relief valve, asafety relief valve, or another valve of similar form factor. In someembodiments, valves 85 may respond to pressure surge events on the orderof just a few milliseconds.

Pilots 10 and 20 of each piping subsystem may be instrumentationdesigned for detecting different types of pressure transients. Forexample, pilots 10A and 20A may be able to detect different maximumpressures and different maximum rates of pressure rise in pipingsubsystem 30 from pilots 10C and 20C of piping subsystem 31. 12. In oneexample, one of the different maximum rates of pressure rise may be 10PSI per second. In some embodiments, each of piping subsystems 30-32 maycomprise an additional pair of pilots 10 and 20, the other pair beinginstalled at one or more different locations in the respectivesubsystem.

In some embodiments, each of pressure-sensing pilots 10 (e.g., 10A, 10B,10C, and/or one or more other pilots) may be used to detect whether acurrent pressure breaches a maximum pressure level. For example, pilot10 may sense pressure and relieve fluid based on user-defined values. Insome embodiments, each of differential, pressure-sensing pilots 20(e.g., 20A, 20B, 20C, and/or one or more other pilots) may be used toperform maximum-rate of pressure rise sensing. For example, pilot 20 maybe a control valve driven through an accumulator with a spring, whichhas an orifice that meters the flows and senses pressure such that arate of its rise may be controlled to a particular rate. In this oranother implementation, pilot 20 may make a detection that causes valve85 to open, when the rate breaches that threshold, until at least saidrate is mitigated.

In some embodiments, each of pilots 10 and 20 of the respectivesubsystem is associated with a control valve. Some embodiments of pipingsubsystems 30-32 may comprise regulators configured to establish setpressures and define set pressures.

In some embodiments, some components of piping subsystems 30-32 maycomprise accumulators 35 (e.g., 35A, 35B, 35C, and/or one or more otheraccumulators). These accumulators may be a spring-loaded accumulator orone or more other types of accumulators, such as no separator,gas-charged bladder, gas-charged piston, weight loaded, and/or diaphragmbased.

In some embodiments, transfer barriers 39 (e.g., 39A, 39B, 39C, and/orone or more other transfer barriers) may comprise a movable pistonsealed within a cylinder, or it may suitably comprise differentstructure.

In some embodiments, orifice plate 37 (e.g., 37A, 37B, 37C, and/or oneor more other orifice plates) may comprise a device for measuring (e.g.,volumetric or mass) flow rate, reducing pressure, restricting flow, orperforming another suitable function.

In some embodiments, upon detection of a pressure transient or anothercondition relative to the fluid or piping equipment, piping 60 may beused to expunge or otherwise relieve a sufficient volume of fluid fromsystem 5, thereby attenuating the transient to within acceptable limits.

Test subsystem 70 may be a circuit used to confirm that the pipingsubsystems 30-32 are working as expected and designed, e.g., bymimicking a change in pressure to make sure pilot sensing is workingproperly. In some embodiments, test subsystem 70 is connected to pilots10 and 20.

In some embodiments, nitrogen is used (e.g., via additional piping) toactuate one or more components of the piping system, such assurge/pressure-relief valve 85 and test subsystem 70. For example, valve85 may be pilot operated, dual-pilot operated, nitrogen loaded,spring-loaded, balanced spring-loaded, or actuated based on othersuitable structure or material. Some embodiments of valves 80 and/or 85may thus comprise (e.g., pressure-relief) valves of various types.

In some embodiments, test subsystem 70 comprises test panel assembly 75and/or bottle rack assembly 71 that may comprise nitrogen. In someimplementations, the containers of nitrogen may be positioned in closeproximity to valve 85. The test panel may comprise a test-fluid(s)control panel that may dynamically control pressure(s) and/or adapt tochanges in system 5. In some embodiments, test subsystem 70 comprisesone or more redundant systems. In some implementations, test subsystem70 may comprise an alarm generator that outputs a sound and/or light,which is audible and/or visible by an operator, e.g., when apredetermined condition (such as a particular pressure level or ratelevel in one or more of the piping subsystems) is met in system 5.

In some embodiments, test subsystem 70 is installed in a piping system(e.g., piping 50 and/or 60) at one or more locations upstream,downstream, parallel with, and/or distributed among first, second, andthird subsystems 30-32 of system 5.

In some embodiments, piping element 40 may perform any suitable functionaccording to demand (e.g., come in between and process a fluid passingupstream piping 50 or downstream piping 60). In some embodiments, waterprocessor 40 (e.g., a membrane) is upstream, downstream, parallel to,and/or integrated with each of the piping subsystems 30-32. Processor 40may be a filter of the fluid or remove an element, such as sulfur, toprotect a membrane. Some embodiments may protect an oil pipe;alternatively, system 5 may protect water piping that has a filteringmembrane (e.g., desalination implementation).

In some embodiments, skid system 5 may comprise one or more gauges,where appropriate for human read-out of measured or controlled values.Some embodiments of system 5 may comprise a walkway, gangway, or otherelevated structure that hovers over various component of system 5, asdepicted at the top of FIG. 2. System 5 may also comprise accessladders.

FIG. 3A illustrates method 100 for configuring a piping system that canproperly respond to transient pressure changes in an input flow of afluid, in accordance with one or more embodiments. Method 100 may beperformed with mechanical components. The operations of method 100presented below are intended to be illustrative. In some embodiments,method 100 may be accomplished with one or more additional operationsnot described, and/or without one or more of the operations discussed.Additionally, the order in which the operations of method 100 areillustrated in FIG. 3A and described below is not intended to belimiting.

At operation 102 of method 100, a first piping subsystem may beprovided, having a block valve both upstream and downstream of thesubsystem. As an example, subsystem 30 and its connected components maybe installed on a skid. In some embodiments, operation 102 is performedby a set of technicians that position and weld together at least some ofthe piping segments and components shown in FIG. 1A and describedherein.

At operation 104 of method 100, a second piping subsystem may beprovided that substitutes for the first piping subsystem, the secondsubsystem having one or more block valves both upstream and downstreamof the second piping subsystem. As an example, subsystem 32 and itsconnected components may be installed on the skid. In some embodiments,operation 104 is performed by a set of technicians that position andweld together at least some of the piping segments and components shownin FIG. 1A and described herein.

At operation 106 of method 100, one or more pressure-sensing components(e.g., a first maximum pressure pilot and a second maximum rate ofpressure rise pilot) may be provided at each of the first and secondsubsystems. As an example, pilots 10A and 20A may be installed inrelation to valve 85A of piping subsystem 30, and pilots 10B and 20B maybe installed in relation to valve 85B of piping subsystem 32. In someembodiments, operation 106 is performed by a set of technicians thatposition and attach the pressure-sensing components to the respectivepiping subsystem or valve, exemplarily shown in FIG. 1A and describedherein.

At operation 108 of method 100, a test subsystem may be provided. As anexample, test subsystem 70 may comprise a control panel and fluid foractuating a set of significant components (e.g., pilots) associated withpiping subsystems 30 and 32. In some embodiments, operation 108 isperformed by a set of technicians that attach the test subsystem to thepiping subsystems (shown in FIG. 1A and described herein).

At operation 110 of method 100, operation of the one or morepressure-sensing components may be tested, e.g., by inserting at inletsof the piping subsystems a portion of fluid at transient pressures suchthat at least one of the pressure-sensing pilots triggers. As anexample, test subsystem 70 may cause one or more scenarios (e.g.,upstream pressure transients) to determine whether pilots 10 and/or 20of each of any one or more runs configured via valves 80 into operation(e.g., 30 or 32) is able to properly detect particular type(s) oftransient(s). In some embodiments, operation 110 is performed bycomponents 10, 20, 50, 60, and/or 70, which are the same as or similarto those depicted in FIG. 1A and described herein.

At operation 112 of method 100, operation of the second piping subsystemmay be tested, i.e., in its ability to substitute for the first pipingsubsystem. As an example, after block valves 80 are opened and closedrespectively to facilitate piping subsystem 32 to receive an inletfluid, the other piping subsystem 30 configured out of operation viathese valves may not receive inlet fluid. Test subsystem 70 may causeone or more scenarios (e.g., pressure transients) to determine whethervalve 85 of each of any one or more runs (e.g., 30 or 32) configured viavalves 80 into operation is able to vent. In these examples, a surgeevent may be simulated by test subsystem 70 such that system 5 is ableto properly respond to the test scenario by venting some of thetransient fluid to a storage vessel or container. In one exemplaryperformance of the disclosed substitution, pilots 10B and 20B ofsubsystem 32 may be able to detect a same maximum pressure and/or a samemaximum rate of pressure rise that is detectable in subsystem 30. Insome embodiments, operation 112 is performed by components 10, 20, 50,60, 70, and/or 85, which are the same as or similar to those depicted inFIG. 1A and described herein.

FIG. 3B illustrates method 150 for configuring a piping system that canproperly respond to transient pressure changes in an input flow of afluid, in accordance with one or more embodiments. Method 150 may beperformed with mechanical components. The operations of method 150presented below are intended to be illustrative. In some embodiments,method 150 may be accomplished with one or more additional operationsnot described, and/or without one or more of the operations discussed.Additionally, the order in which the operations of method 150 areillustrated in FIG. 3B and described below is not intended to belimiting.

At operation 152 of method 150, first and second piping subsystems maybe provided, each of the subsystems having a block valve both upstreamand downstream of the respective subsystem. As an example, subsystems 30and 31 (e.g., and one or more other subsystems not shown in FIGS. 1B-2)and their connected components may be installed on a skid. In someembodiments, operation 152 is performed by a set of technicians thatposition and weld together at least some of the piping segments andcomponents shown in FIGS. 1B-2 and described herein.

At operation 154 of method 150, a third piping subsystem may be providedthat substitutes for the first or second piping subsystem, the thirdsubsystem having one or more block valves both upstream and downstreamof the third piping subsystem. As an example, subsystem 32 and itsconnected components may be installed on the skid. In some embodiments,operation 154 is performed by a set of technicians that position andweld together at least some of the piping segments and components shownin FIGS. 1B-2 and described herein.

At operation 156 of method 150, one or more pressure-sensing components(e.g., a first maximum pressure pilot and a second maximum rate ofpressure rise pilot) may be provided at each of the first, second, andthird subsystems. As an example, pilots 10A and 20A may be installed inrelation to valve 85A of piping subsystem 30, pilots 10B and 20B may beinstalled in relation to valve 85B of piping subsystem 32, and pilots10C and 20C may be installed in relation to valve 85C of pipingsubsystem 31. In some embodiments, operation 156 is performed by a setof technicians that position and attach the pressure-sensing componentsto the respective piping subsystem or valve, exemplarily shown in FIGS.1B-2 and described herein.

At operation 158 of method 150, a test subsystem may be provided. As anexample, test subsystem 70 may comprise a control panel and fluid foractuating a set of significant components (e.g., pilots) associated withpiping subsystems 30-32. In some embodiments, operation 158 is performedby a set of technicians that attach the test subsystem to the pipingsubsystems (shown in FIGS. 1B-2 and described herein).

At operation 160 of method 150, operation of the one or morepressure-sensing components may be tested, e.g., by inserting at inletsof the piping subsystems a portion of fluid at transient pressures suchthat at least one of the pressure-sensing pilots triggers. As anexample, test subsystem 70 may cause one or more scenarios (e.g.,upstream pressure transients) to determine whether pilots 10 and/or 20of each of any two or more runs configured via valves 80 into operation(e.g., 30-31, 30 and 32, 31-32, or another combination of pipingsubsystems) is able to properly detect particular type(s) oftransient(s). In some embodiments, operation 160 is performed bycomponents 10, 20, 50, 60, and/or 70 (e.g., 71, 75, etc.), which are thesame as or similar to those depicted in FIGS. 1B-2 and described herein.

At operation 162 of method 150, operation of the third piping subsystemmay be tested, i.e., in its ability to substitute for the first orsecond piping subsystem. As an example, after block valves 80 are openedand closed respectively to facilitate piping subsystem 32 to receive aninlet fluid, the other piping subsystem configured into operation viathese valves (e.g., 30, 31, or another run) may also receive inletfluid. Test subsystem 70 may cause one or more scenarios (e.g., pressuretransients) to determine whether valve 85 of each of any two or moreruns (e.g., 30-31, 30 and 32, 31-32, or another combination of pipingsubsystems) configured via valves 80 into operation is able to vent. Inthese examples, a surge event may be simulated by test subsystem 70 suchthat system 5 is able to properly respond to the test scenario byventing some of the transient fluid to a storage vessel or container. Inone exemplary performance of the disclosed substitution, pilots 10B and20B of subsystem 32 may be able to detect a same maximum pressure and/ora same maximum rate of pressure rise that is detectable in eithersubsystem 30 or 31, respectively. In some embodiments, operation 162 isperformed by components 10, 20, 50, 60, 70 (e.g., 71, 75, etc.), and/or85, which are the same as or similar to those depicted in FIGS. 1B-2 anddescribed herein.

Several embodiments of the invention are specifically illustrated and/ordescribed herein. However, it will be appreciated that modifications andvariations are contemplated and within the purview of the appendedclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for responding to pressure changes in afluid, the system comprising: a first piping subsystem that receives aninput flow; at least one independent second piping subsystem thatreceives another input flow; a third piping subsystem that receives theinput flow or the other input flow by respectively substituting for thefirst piping subsystem or the at least one second piping system; andfirst and second pilots that detect a maximum pressure and a maximumpressure rate increase, respectively, in each of the piping subsystems,wherein the substituting is performed by actuating a set of valves, eachvalve of which being sized in relation to a diameter of a respectivepipe to which the valve is coupled, wherein one or more valvesassociated with the first piping subsystem is of a different size fromone or more valves associated with the second piping subsystem, andwherein one or more valves associated with the third piping subsystemhas a diameter at least as wide as a widest diameter from among the oneor more valves associated with each of the first and second pipingsubsystems.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein pressure relief isperformed via a set of surge-relief valves.
 3. The system of claim 1,wherein the valves comprise block valves that isolate for maintenance atleast one of the first, second, and third piping subsystems from theother piping subsystems.
 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the secondsubsystem operates normally, when the first piping subsystem is isolatedfor the maintenance.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein at least oneblock valve is located upstream the first and second pilots of arespective piping subsystem and at least one block valve is locateddownstream the first and second pilots of the respective pipingsubsystem.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the first, second,and third piping subsystems is configured to relieve a portion of thefluid into a container, respectively upon at least one of a respectivepressure criterion and a respective pressure rate increase criterionbeing satisfied.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the first and secondpilots are able to detect different maximum pressures and differentmaximum pressure rate increases in each of the first and second pipingsubsystems.
 8. The system of claim 7, wherein, when performing thesubstitution, the first and second pilots of the third piping subsystemare able to detect a same maximum pressure and a same maximum pressurerate increase in either the first or second piping subsystem,respectively.
 9. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the first,second, and third piping subsystems comprises another pair of pilots,the other pair being installed at one or more different locations in therespective piping subsystem.
 10. The system of claim 1, wherein thefirst and second pilots are operable to be actuated mechanically withoutelectrical power and without Internet access.
 11. The system of claim 1,wherein the fluid is a liquid.
 12. The system of claim 1, whereinnitrogen is used to actuate one or more components of the piping system.13. A method for responding to pressure changes in a fluid by a system,the method comprising: providing a first piping subsystem that receivesan input flow; providing at least one independent second pipingsubsystem that receives another input flow; providing a third pipingsubsystem that receives the input flow or the other input flow byrespectively substituting for the first piping subsystem or the at leastone second piping system; and providing, in each of the pipingsubsystems, first and second pilots that detect a maximum pressure and amaximum pressure rate increase, respectively, wherein the substitutingis performed by actuating a set of valves, each valve of which beingsized in relation to a diameter of a respective pipe to which the valveis coupled, wherein one or more valves associated with the first pipingsubsystem is of a different size from one or more valves associated withthe second piping subsystem, and wherein one or more valves associatedwith the third piping subsystem has a diameter at least as wide as awidest diameter from among the one or more valves associated with eachof the first and second piping subsystems.